His relations with the external environment, including the most complex, the dog sets primarily by smell. It exceeds the human sense of smell in 11500 times. The whole world around to it mostly the world of smells.
Solo smell each person consists of the smell of his sweat, sebum with its keratinized skin layer (epidermis). When a person goes, he leaves behind in the soil, vegetation, sex, etc. olfactory trace, consisting of minute particles of odorous substances. The largest number of remains of their shoes. The less time that has elapsed since the provisions of olfactory trail, the more it remains olfactory particles and the easier and safer can dog it worked out.
Sense of smell plays a huge role in communicating between the dogs themselves, as well as with other animals. Note the behavior of the dog for a walk. She always sniffs and smells like reading. With the smell, it detects whether the track (animal species), its remoteness, the floor passed to her dogs, their condition, including the presence of females in estrus. This is facilitated by the instinct to leave the route should be concentrated sources of its odor. For example, males leave at the poles, tree trunks, and other corners of buildings, towering above the ground places a small portion of urine. Odoriferous marks left on its way to females in oestrus.
Great possibilities inherent in the olfactory system of dogs, commonly used in dog training and use of dogs. For example, the dog is able to capture the unique smell of man, the last 7.8 hours or more ago, to differentiate it from many other odors, including odors from other people and to explore olfactory trail for 10-15 kilometers and more.
Well-developed tactile organs in dogs. The dog is well perceived effects of heat and cold, is responsive to the slightest touch to her trainer, and others, acting on a dog leash (tension, flashing), pressing his hand on certain parts of the body, stroking her, and so on, is making the dog the commands .
Important role performed receptors located in the internal organs (interretseptors). They are sent to the central nervous system signals the lack of a body of nutrients and water, resulting in the dog feels the hunger and thirst, an overflow of the bladder and rectum, allowing the animal seeking food and water, in a timely manner shall be exempt from urine and feces. Interretseptors immediately signaled to the central nervous system of the disease of an organ, resulting in a dog in a timely manner reduces the intensity of work or completely abandons her. This prevents the dog from excessive load, contributing to its recovery.
As already mentioned, the body of the animal permanently affect of external and internal environment of the various stimuli that are perceived located in the skin, muscles and all internal organs receptors (ultimate ramifications of nerves), are transmitted through nerves to the relevant sections of the cerebral cortex of the brain, where they are analyzed . Not essential for the body are inhibited, and the significant of the central nervous system are sent along the nerves to the appropriate authorities respond to the excitation pulses are required to respond (action).
For example, you push on the dog's paw. She immediately its otdernet. In this case, the stimulation of pressure on the paw was taken receptors located on it, passed along the nerves in the central nervous system (CNS) in response to which the nerves had been sent to the team (reciprocal impulse excitation), and the dog pulled back paw. Such a reaction carried out with the participation of the central nervous system, called a reflex, and the path that carries the pulse of stimulation from the body (receptor) to the central nervous system and vice versa, is called the reflex arc. Thus, the reflex arc consists of the receptor, which has borrowed the primary stimulus, the centripetal (afferent) nerve (neuron), part of the CNS, centrifugal (efferent) nerve (neuron) and the body absorb and use the command from the CNS. There is also a neuron, in which a body in the central nervous system information is passed on command.
Such reflections as the lifting of the paw when pressure or injections, or constriction of the pupil from the effects of light, etc., congenital, hereditary, and do not require prior training. These are examples of simple unconditioned reflexes. But there are complex unconditioned reflexes, consisting of many simple, so-called instincts. The peculiarity of them is that after the stimulus under the influence will manifest itself to any simple unconditioned reflex, followed by automatically begins to manifest a number of others, resulting in the animal performs multiple sequential steps, although this is no one taught him. For example, after the birth of puppies female shows a range of behavioral actions for the care and preservation of their offspring, the so-called parental instinct.
Unconditional innate reflexes, including the complex (instincts), provide a rational, responsible behavior, only the interests of the puppy only in the first 3 weeks of his life, and then their is not enough. In order to live normally in the increasingly complex external environment, the puppy must acquire a number of other, often very difficult for him skills that he achieved in a systematic education.
Source: W. H. Zubko. Education puppy
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